تحلیل کیفی ماهیت تفکر استراتژیک تا مهارت محوری و تفکر محوری

نوع مقاله : مقاله مستخرج از پایان نامه

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت بازرگانی، گروه مدیریت، واحد نجف‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف‌آباد، ایران

2 استادیارگروه مدیریت، واحد نجف‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف‌آباد، ایران

چکیده

تاکنون پژوهشگران مختلفی بر اهمیت و تأثیرگذاری تفکر استراتژیک در جهت تدوین کارآمد و اجرای موفق استراتژی اذعان نموده‌اند و اکثر مطالعات در زمینه‌های شایستگی‌ها، سبک‌ها، تکنیک‌ها، مؤلفه‌ها و مهارت‌های تفکر استراتژیک بوده است؛ بااین‌حال هنوز یک مفهوم پذیرفته‌شده که به توافق همه یا اکثریت محققان رسیده باشد، ارائه نشده است. پژوهش حاضر باهدف پاسخ دادن به سؤال مفهوم تفکر استراتژیک چیست به دو سؤال فرعی مفهوم تفکر استراتژیک به روش فراترکیب چیست و مقایسه تفکر استراتژیک با سایر تفکرها چگونه است، پاسخ داد. با توجه به هدف، پژوهش حاضر از نوع توسعه‌ای و بر اساس ماهیت داده‌ها از نوع کیفی است و داده‌های گردآوری‌شده از نوع توصیفی و سنتز پژوهی (فراترکیب) می‌باشد که از الگوی هفت مرحله‌ای سندلویسکی و بارسو استفاده گردیده است. نتایج پژوهش بر روی تحقیقات انجام‌شده از سال 1960 تا به امروز نشان می‌دهد که تفکر استراتژیک از دو بعد تفکر محور و مهارت محور تشکیل‌شده است. بعد تفکر محور برآیندی از تفکرهای دیگر شامل تفکر کل‌نگر، تفکر دستگاهی، تفکر خلاق، تفکر انتقادی و تفکر شهودی است و بعد مهارت محور شامل توجهات و آموزه‌هایی است که از استراتژی انتظار می‌رود؛ درواقع چیزی که با آن روبرو هستیم ذهن استراتژیک است و تفکر استراتژیک یک سبک تفکر خالص و مستقل نیست

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Qualitative analysis of the nature of strategic thinking to skill-oriented and thinking-oriented

نویسندگان [English]

  • Alireza Zebhi 1
  • Yasser Maghsoudi Ganjeh 2
1 Department of Management, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
2 Department of Management, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Until now, various researchers have acknowledged the importance and influence of strategic thinking in the direction of efficient formulation and successful implementation of strategy, and most of the studies have been in the fields of competencies, styles, techniques, components and skills of strategic thinking; However, an accepted concept that has reached the agreement of all or the majority of researchers has not yet been presented. In order to answer the question of what is the concept of strategic thinking, the current research answered two sub-questions: what is the concept of strategic thinking in a Meta-Synthesis method and how does strategic thinking compare with other thoughts. According to the purpose, the current research is developmental and based on the nature of the data, it is qualitative, and the collected data is descriptive and research synthesis (Meta-Synthesis), which uses the seven-stage model of Sandelowski and Barroso. The results of the research conducted from 1960 to today show that strategic thinking consists of two dimensions, thinking-oriented and skill-oriented. The thinking-oriented dimension is a result of other thinking, including holistic thinking, systemic thinking, creative thinking, critical thinking, and intuitive thinking, and the skill-oriented dimension includes the attentions and teachings that are expected from the strategy; In fact, what we are facing is the strategic mind, and strategic thinking is not a pure and independent thinking style.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Strategic thinking
  • Holistic thinking
  • Systemic thinking
  • Critical thinking
  • Creative thinking

مراجع

  1. آقاجانیان، سیمینه. رستمی، مرضیه. (1392). تعیین عناصر تشکیل‌دهنده‌ی سازه تفکر استراتژیک. فصلنامه علوم مدیریت ایران،8(29)،59-72
  2. Abraham, S. (2005). Stretching strategic thinking. Strategy & Leadership, 33(5), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1108/10878570510616834
  3. Ackoff, R. L. (1974). The systems revolution. In Long Range Planning (Vol. 7, Issue 6, pp. 2–20). https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(74)90127-7
  4. Aghajanian, S., & Rostami, M. (2013). Determining the Constituent Elements of the Strategic Thinking Structure. Iranian Journal of Management Sciences, 8(29), 59–72.[In Persian]
  5. Al-Zu’bi, H. A. (2016). Strategic Thinking Competencies and their Impact on Strategic Flexibility. Current Research in Science, 4(1).
  6. Amitabh, M., & Sahay, A. (2008). Strategic Thinking : Is Leadership the missing link An Exploratory Study. 11th Annual Convention of the Strategic Management Forum, 1–19.
  7. Apenteng, O. O., Osei, P. P., Oduro, B., Kwabla, M. P., & Ismail, N. A. (2020). The impact of implementing HIV prevention policies therapy and control strategy among HIV and AIDS incidence cases in Malaysia. Infectious Disease Modelling, 5, 755–765. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2020.09.009
  8. Athreya, B. H., & Mouza, C. (2017). Thinking skills for the digital generation. In Thinking Skills for the Digital Generation (p. 31). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12364-6
  9. Beck, C. (2002). Mothering multiples: A meta–synthesis of the qualitative research. The American Journal of Maternal, 28(2), 93–99.
  10. Bernhut, S. (2009). An Interview With Jim Collins. Ivey Business Journal Online, 4, 10–15.
  11. Beyer BK. (1985). Critical Thinking:What is it? Social Education, 49, 270–276.
  12. Boar, B. (2000). Strategic Thinking in Hyper‐Competitive Markets. Handbook of Business Strategy, 1(1), 183–187. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb060221
  13. Bonn, I. (1999). Developing strategic thinking as a core competency. Management Decision, 1994, 63–70. http://www.emerald-library.com/ft
  14. Bonn, I. (2001). Developing strategic thinking as a core competency. Management Decision, 39(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005408
  15. Bonn, I. (2005). Improving strategic thinking: A multilevel approach. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 26(5), 336–354. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730510607844
  16. Bowman, E. H., & Helfat, C. E. (2001). Does corporate strategy matter? Strategic Management Journal, 22(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200101)22:1<1::AID-SMJ143>3.0.CO;2-T
  17. Brookfield, S. (1987). Developing critical thinking: Challenging adults to explore alternative ways of thinking and acting. Jossey-Bass.
  18. Casey, A. J., & Goldman, E. F. (2010). Enhancing the ability to think strategically: A learning model. Management Learning, 41(2), 167–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507609355497
  19. Dechant, K. (1990). Knowing How to Learn: The Neglected Management Ability. Journal of Management Development, 9(4), 9–40.
  20. Dressel, P. L., & Mayhew, L. B. (1954). General education: Explorations in evaluation. American Council on Education.
  21. Dwyer, C. J., & Limberakis, C. G. (1987). The State of Strategic Sourcing. The Economist, may, 23. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=1873
  22. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). MAKING fast strategic decisions in high-velocity environments. Academy of Management Journal, 32(3), 543–576. http://www.jstor.org/stable/256434
  23. Ellerton, P. (2020). On critical thinking and collaborative inquiry. NSW Department of Education.
  24. Ennis, R. H. (1962). A Concept of Critical Thinking. Harvard Educational Review, 32(1), 81–111.
  25. Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical Thinking: A Statement of Expert Consensus for Purposes of Educational Assessment and Instruction. In California Academic Press.
  26. Finfgeld, D. L. (2003). Metasynthesis: The State of the Art—so far. Qualitative Health Research, 13(7), 893–904.
  27. Goldman, E. F., & Casey, A. (2010). Building a Culture That Encourages Strategic Thinking. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 17(2), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051810369677
  28. Goldman, E. F., Schlumpf, K. S., & Scott, A. R. (2017). Combining practice and theory to assess strategic thinking. In Journal of Strategy and Management (Vol. 10, Issue 4, pp. 488–504). https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-02-2017-0012
  29. Goldman, E. F., & Scott, A. R. (2016). Competency models for assessing strategic thinking. Journal of Strategy and Management, 9(3), 258–280. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-07-2015-0059
  30. Goldman, E. F., Scott, A. R., & Follman, J. M. (2015). Organizational practices to develop strategic thinking. In Journal of Strategy and Management (Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 155–175). https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-01-2015-0003
  31. Goldsmith, A. A. (1996). Strategic thinking in international development: Using management tools to see the big picture. World Development, 24(9), 1431–1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00054-X
  32. Gothard, S., & Austin, M. J. (2013). Leadership Succession Planning: Implications for Nonprofit Human Service Organizations. Administration in Social Work, 37(3), 272–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/03643107.2012.684741
  33. Graetz, F. (2002). Strategic thinking versus strategic planning: towards understanding the complementarities. Management Decision, 40(5), 456–462. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740210430434
  34. Hablemitoglu, S., & Yildirim, F. (2008). The Relationship Between Perception of Risk and Decision Making Styles of Turkish University Students : A Descriptive Study of Individual Differences. World Applied Sciences Journal, 4(2), 214–224.
  35. Hanford, P. (1995a). Developing director and executive competencies in strategic thinking. In B. Garratt (Ed.), Developing Strategic Thought: Reinventing the Art of Direction-Giving, McGraw-Hill, London. McGraw-Hill.
  36. Hanford, P. (1995b). Developing director and executive competencies in strategic thinking. In B. Garratt (Ed.), Developing Strategic Thought: Reinventing the Art of Direction-Giving, McGraw-Hill, London (Developing). McGraw-Hill.
  37. Heracleous, L. (1998). Strategic Thinking or Strategic Planning? Long Range Planning, 31(3), 481–487.
  38. Heracleous, L. (2013). Quantum Strategy at Apple Inc. Organizational Dynamics, 42(2), 92–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2013.03.002
  39. Holland, J. H. (2018). Comple Adaptive Systems. In Christian Social Teachings (Vol. 121, Issue 1, pp. 218–223).
  40. Iverson, T., & Andrews, K. R. (1987). The Concept of Corporate Strategy. Public Productivity Review, 11(2), 93. https://doi.org/10.2307/3380432
  41. Kahneman, D. (2003). A Perspective on Judgment and Choice: Mapping Bounded Rationality. In American Psychologist (Vol. 58, Issue 9, pp. 697–720). https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.9.697
  42. King, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. (2009). Positive affect, intuition and referential thinking. In Personality and Individual Differences (Vol. 46, Issue 7, pp. 719–724). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.031
  43. Lashkar boloki, M. (2011). Strategic Thinking Orders and Strategies. Naso Publications.
  44. Lawrence, E. (1999). Strategic Thinking. Public Service Commission of Canada, Policy, Research & Communications Branch, Research Directorate.
  45. Lewis, A., & Smith, D. (1993). Lewis & Smith (1993). Defining Higher Order Thinking. In Theory Into Practice (Vol. 32, Issue 3, pp. 131–137).
  46. Liedtka, J. M. (1998, February). Liedtka - Strategic Thinking; Can It Be Taught. Long Range Planning, 31(1), 120. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(97)00098-8
  47. Mason, J. (1986). Developing strategic thinking. Long Range Planning, 19(3), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(86)90201-3
  48. McAdam, R., & Bailie, B. (2002). Business performance measures and alignment impact on strategy: The role of business improvement models. In International Journal of Operations and Production Management (Vol. 22, Issues 9–10, pp. 972–996). https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570210440492
  49. Meyers, C. (1986). Teaching Students to Think Critically: A Guide for Faculty in All Disciplines. In Jossey-Bass (1st editio). Jossey-Bass.
  50. Mintzberg, H. (1987). The Strategy Concept II: Another Look at Why Organizations Need Strategies. California Management Review, 30(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165264
  51. Mintzberg, H. (1994a). Rethinking strategic planning part II: New roles for planners. Long Range Planning, 27(3), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(94)90186-4
  52. Mintzberg, H. (1994b). The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning. Harvard Business Review, 72(1), 107–114. http://www.informatik.umu.se/digitalAssets/140/140905_mintzberg--1994-.pdf
  53. Mintzberg, H. (1995). Strategic Thinking as Seeing. In B. Garratt (Ed.), Developing Strategic Thought (pp. 67–70). McGraw-Hill.
  54. Monavvarian, A. (2014). A model of strategic thinking: Islamic and Iranian perspective. In International Journal of Business, Economics and Management (Vol. 1, Issue 10, pp. 316–328).
  55. Monnavarian, A., Farmani, G., & Yajam, H. (2011). Strategic thinking in Benetton. Business Strategy Series, 12(2), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1108/17515631111114868
  56. Moon, B. J. (2013). Antecedents and outcomes of strategic thinking. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), 1698–1708. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.11.006
  57. Munro, D. (1985). Individualism and holism: Studies in confucian and Taoist values. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Center for Chinese Studies., 1–34.
  58. Nag, R., Hambrick, D. C., & Chen, M.-J. (2007). What is strategic management, really? Inductive derivation of a consensus definition of the field. Strategic Management Journal, 28(9), 935–955. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.615
  59. Nakamura, H. (1985). Ways of thinking of Eastern peoples. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  60. Needham, J. (1962). Science and civilization in China. Physics and Physical Technology, 4(Physics and physical technology.).
  61. Noblit, G. W., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Meta–Ethnography: Synthesizing qualitative studies. Newbury Park, CA.
  62. Nuntamanop, P., Kauranen, I., & Igel, B. (2013). A new model of strategic thinking competency. Journal of Strategy and Management, 6(3), 242–264. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-10-2012-0052
  63. O’Shannassy, T. (1999). Strategic Thinking: A Continuum of Views and Conceptualisation. RMIT Business, 21(November), 1–30. www.hamyarprojeh.ir
  64. O’Shannassy, T. (2003). Modern strategic management: balancing strategic thinking and strategic planning for internal and external stakeholders. Singapore Management Review. http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:3320
  65. Onuoha, B. C. (2013). Poor Succession Planning by Entrepreneurs: The Bane of Generational Enterprises in South-East, Nigeria. In AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities (Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp. 270–281).
  66. Park, C. C. (2001). Learning style preferences of armenian, african, hispanic, hmong, korean, mexican, and anglo students in american secondary schools. Learning Environments Research, 4.
  67. Pearce, J. A., & Robinson, R. B. (2000). Strategic management, formulation, implementation and control (7th ed.). Irwin, McGraw-Hill.
  68. Porter, M. (1987). Corporate strategy: the state of strategic thinking. The Economist.
  69. Porter, M. (1996). What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 74, 61–78.
  70. Porter, M. (1997). Perspectives on Strategy. In F. A. J. Van Den Bosch & A. P. De Man (Eds.), Perspectives on Strategy (Vol. 51, Issue 09). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6179-8
  71. Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. P. (1996). Competing for the Future (Reprint ed). Harvard Business Review Press.
  72. Raimond, P. (1996). Two styles of foresight: Are we predicting the future or inventing it? Long Range Planning, 29(2), 208–214.
  73. Rowe, A. J., Mason, R. O., & Dickel, K. E. (1986). Strategic Management – A Methodological Approach. In Addison-Wesley Publishing Company International. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company International.
  74. Saloner, G., Shepard, A., & Podolny, J. (2001). Strategic Management (1st editio). Wiley.
  75. Sandelowski, M., Barroso, J., & Voils, C. I. (2007). Using qualitative metasummary to synthesize qualitative and quantitative descriptive findings. Research in Nursing and Health, 30(1), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20176
  76. Sauser, B., & Boardman, J. (2008). Taking Hold of System of Systems Management. Engineering Management Journal, 20(4), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10429247.2008.11431782
  77. Steiner, G. A., Miner, J. B., & Gray, E. R. (1982). Management Policy and Strategy. MacMillan.
  78. Stephen P. Robbins, & Judge, T. (2009). Organizational Behavior (13th, illust ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
  79. Sterman, J. D. (2000). Business dynamics: Systems thinking and modelling for a complex world. In McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
  80. Sternberg, R. J. (2011). Componential models of creativity. In The Curated Reference Collection in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology (pp. 226–230). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.23634-1
  81. Stumpf, S. A. (1989). Work experiences that stretch managers′ capacities for strategic thinking. Journal of Management Development, 8(5), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000001360
  82. Weyhrauch, W. S., & Culbertson, S. S. (2014). A mindset for strategic thinking: Conceptual synthesis of the capacity for strategic insight. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2014(1), 12988. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2014.12988abstract
  83. Wilson, I. (1994). Strategic planning isn’t dead-it changed Vol. 2. Long Range Planning, 27(4), 12–24.
  84. Wilson, I. (1998). Strategic planning for the millennium: Resolving the dilemma. Long Range Planning, 31(4), 507–513. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(98)80043-5
  85. Zabriskie, N. B., & Huellmantel, A. B. (1991). Developing strategic thinking in senior management. Long Range Planning, 24(6), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(91)90040-U
  86. Zahra, S. A., & Nambisan, S. (2012). Entrepreneurship and strategic thinking in business ecosystems. Business Horizons, 55(3), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.12.004
  87. Zimmer, L. (2006). Qualitative meta-synthesis: A question of dialoguing with texts. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53(3), 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03721.x
نشریه علمی راهبردهای بازرگانی
دوره 19، شماره 19
شهریور 1401
صفحه 167-201

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار