نوع مقاله : مقاله مستخرج از رساله دکتری
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه اقتصاد، واحد میانه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، میانه، ایران
2 گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده مدیریت، اقتصاد و حسابداری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تبریز، تبریز، ایران
3 دانشیار، گروه اقتصاد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تبریز، ، تبریز، ایران
4 استاد گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و اقتصادی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران
5 استادیار، گروه مدیریت، واحد میانه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، میانه، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The priority of current economic activities is to base production plans and macro policies on the basis of relative advantages. Understanding the relative advantages of countries enables them to optimize the allocation of resources and focus on industries with significant potential to increase the added value of their production, this will cause sustainable economic growth, strengthen economic integration and increase global competition in international trade.
Relative advantage means production based on economic efficiency in order to reduce costs and the cost price and import the required products that are not manufactured domestically/ are economically uneconomical or have excess demand from other countries (at a lower cost).
In addition to maximizing the productivity of production factors and focusing on actual and potential expertise; By dividing work and participating in the international value production chain and in the flow of exchange, higher prosperity can be achieved.
Innovations and digital sciences are the basis of advanced technologies and knowledge required for economic activities, especially in developing countries, in order to gain relative advantages, especially acquired relative advantages.
Innovation in products, on the one hand, increases production and reduces dependence on imports and on the other hand, due to the supply of excess products in the world markets, it causes an increase in per capita income and as a result, an increase in the import of goods.
With innovation and the use of new technologies, the way to gain relative advantages becomes clear and practical.
Methodology
In this research, multivariate regression analysis is used to investigate the effect of innovation and digital currency on imports in selected countries during the years 2013 to 2021 using the method of generalized moments with panel data, which is optimized with the possibility of simultaneous use of time series and cross-sectional data in the estimation of the model. Be- Extracted from databases such as the World Bank and used with EViews 12 to calculate and estimate the values of the coefficients of the variables.
Results and Discussion
Innovation sub index: input (institution, human capital & research, infrastructure, market sophistication) and output have a positive and significant effect on imports in all cases.
The development and expansion of competitive markets as the place of establishment and activity of private sector productive forces and driving the market and supply and demand and finally production as the most important factor of positive change on imports, plays an important role.
After market sophistication, the institution as a dynamic factor and economic driver of the production sector, by establishing facilitating laws and granting loans and appropriate support, increases production based on relative advantages and as a result of supplying surplus production in global markets and earning higher income. It will act as a positive factor in increasing imports.
The estimated coefficient of digital currency is positive and very small (at zero) and negligible. It means that the preference of merchants to pay expenses, amounts of purchases and imports is still in cash or digital money and credit, and the formality of using digital currency will not be an important and effective factor on imports.
The Business Sophistication has a negative and significant relationship with imports, because with the increase in training and skills of human resources and in the development of research, innovation and creativity have been promoted. So due to new innovations and creations and the production of imported goods; Dependence on other countries and as a result imports will decrease.
The exchange rate estimation coefficient is negative and significant in all cases. That is, according to the economic realities, the exchange rate has an inverse relationship with imports. If this variable increases, the price of imported products will be more expensive and imports will decrease.
The estimation coefficient of Trade Freedom shows the positive and significant effect of this variable on imports, that is, by joining the integrated world trade by accepting the non-application/establishment of minimum tariff and non-tariff barriers, participation in the value production chain, specialization and division of labor have increased. And it will lead to more imports.
The formation of gross fix capital has a positive and significant effect on imports in all cases. Capital goods produced in the country (by improving and transferring technology and its application in industries through the channel of new investments) have reduced costs, improved quality, and reduced the cost of domestic products, and by increasing production and sales to foreign applicants, creating Income causes more imports.
References (Most important)
https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu
https://www.chainalysis.com/
https://www.worldcoinindex.com
https://data.worldbank.org/
https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/
www.scimagojr.com/
https://www.heritage.org/
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
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